A medida que se acerca el Día de los Impuestos, y antes de que se seque la tinta de tu cheque al Tío Sam, nos tomamos un momento para repasar la historia de los impuestos en Estados Unidos... ya sabes... para que te hagas a la idea.
A medida que se acerca el Día de los Impuestos, y antes de que se seque la tinta de su cheque al Tío Sam, nos tomamos un momento para repasar la historia de los impuestos en Estados Unidos... ya sabe... para que se sienta mejor. Así que, coge tus bolsitas de té o alguna bebida al estilo de la prohibición, mientras reiteramos el viejo dicho .... nada es seguro excepto la muerte y los impuestos.
Pero antes de entrar en materia, es importante señalar que los impuestos no siempre han gravado a los estadounidenses, como el impuesto federal sobre la renta, el impuesto mínimo alternativo, el impuesto de sociedades, el impuesto sobre el patrimonio, la Ley Federal de Contribuciones al Seguro (FICA), etcétera. Los fundadores de Estados Unidos tampoco deseaban ni pretendían diseñar un sistema de este tipo.
Los primeros colonos tuvieron que enfrentarse a los británicos, que les impusieron un montón de impuestos, como el impuesto sobre la cabeza, el impuesto sobre bienes inmuebles y el infame impuesto sobre el té, que dio lugar a la Fiesta del Té de Boston.
Tras la Guerra de la Independencia, el Congreso concedió al público el poder de imponer impuestos. Los estados eran responsables de recaudarlos y transferirlos al gobierno, en su mayoría impuestos especiales sobre bienes específicos como el alcohol y el tabaco. El gobierno también probó con los impuestos directos, que gravaban los bienes de propiedad individual. Esto no fue muy popular, y los federales volvieron a recaudar impuestos especiales. Y en 1791, el impuesto especial sobre el alcohol propuesto por Alexander Hamilton fue suficiente para provocar la Rebelión del Whiskey en Pensilvania.
The Civil War led to the country’s first income tax and the first version of the Office of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue—the earlier version of what we now call the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). This office took over the responsibility of collecting taxes from individual states. Excise taxes were also added to almost every commodity possible—alcohol, tobacco, gunpowder, and tea…but this time…without the party. Interestingly, income tax rates used to apply to everyone based on income regardless of status—single, married, and heads of households.
The first estate tax was enacted in 1797 to fund the U.S. Navy. It was repealed but reinstituted over the years, often in response to the need to finance wars. The modern estate tax as we know it was implemented in 1916.
Other taxes as a corporate income tax were enacted slightly earlier in 1909.
Wars are Expensive
In 1913, the States ratified the 16th Amendment, instituting the federal income tax where the actual form and directions were a mere four pages…today the total an intimidating 106 pages. Income tax rates ranged from 1% on income of $0 to $20,000 up to 7% on income over $500,000.
However, to finance America’s participation in World War I, Congress passed the 1916 Revenue Act and then the War Revenue Act of 1917. From 1916 to 1917 the tax rate jumped from 15% to a whooping 67%…then finally settling at 77% in 1918.
Wars are Expensive! So, after the war, the federal income tax rates took on the steam of the roaring 1920s dropping to 25% by 1931. The gift tax came about in 1924. Sales taxes were first enacted in West Virginia in 1921. Eleven other states followed suit in 1933.
The Great Depression
The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest and most severe downturn experience by the Western world, causing fundamental changes to economic policy, theory, and institutions. But by 1933, the American recovery was in full swing. But Congress raised taxes again in 1932 during the Great Depression to 63% on top earners…potentially lengthening this recovery progress. Federal excise taxes on gasoline were implemented in June 1932 under President Herbert Hoover as part of the Revenue Act of 1932. FDR signed the Social Security Act in 1935. The government first collected Social Security taxes in January 1937. Dividend taxes were enacted in 1936 but only lasted through 1939.
WWII and Beyond
As mentioned before, war is expensive. In 1944, the top rate peaked at 94% on income over $200.000. By the end of the war and through the 1970’s, the top federal income tax rate remained high, never dipping below 70%. Investment dividend taxes reappeared in 1954 and have persisted ever since. The alternative minimum tax (AMT), a type of federal income tax, was not enacted until 1978, as a way to ensure everyone paid their fair share.
It was not until The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 that the highest rate was reduced from 70% to 50% and indexed the brackets for inflation. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 expanded the tax base and dropped the top rate to 28 percent for tax years beginning in 1988. The idea was that the broader base contained fewer deductions but brought in the same revenue. Further, lawmakers claimed that they would never have to raise the 28 percent top rate…this promised lasted three years before it was broken.
By 1991 the top rate jumped to 39.6%. However, the Economic Growth and Tax Relief and Reconciliation Act of 2001 dropped the highest income tax rate to 35% from 2003 to 2010. The Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 maintained this rate through 2012.
The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 increased the highest income tax rate to 39.6%. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act added an additional 3.8 percent on to this making the maximum federal income tax rate 43.4%.
Hoy en día, el tipo impositivo federal más alto es del 40,8%. En el contexto de este artículo... ¿cuál es el problema? Parece un tipo impositivo históricamente bajo. Pero la diferencia entre hoy y el pasado es la amplia gama de cosas que ESTÁN gravadas. En realidad, puede que sea más fácil enumerar las cosas que no están gravadas... como... uhm... ¿el aire? ENLACE Sea como sea, entender la historia de Estados Unidos en materia de impuestos te hará llorar y estallar en una violenta ira o encontrarás formas de sobrellevarlo y desarrollar estrategias para sacar partido de la complejidad. De cualquier manera, la certeza suele ser algo valioso en estos días... y como la muerte es inevitable... inevitablemente los impuestos sólo empeoran cuando el Congreso se reúne.
¡Feliz Día de los Impuestos!